MGT 300 - Chapter 7

CHAPTER 7 - Storing Organizational Information


What Is INFORMATION ?

~ Information is everywhere in an organization
~ Information is stored in databases 
  • Database - maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transaction), people (employees), and places (warehouses)
~ Database models include : 
  • Hierarchical database model - information is organized into a tree-like structure (using parent/child relationship) in such a way that it cannot have too many relationships
  • Network database model - a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships
  • Relational database model - stores information in form of logically related two-dimensional tables
~ Entity - a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored
  • The rows in each table contain the entities
~ Attributes (fields, columns) - characteristics or properties of an entity class
The columns in each table contain the attributes

~Primary keys and foreign keys identify the various entity classes (tables) in the database
  • Primary key - a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
  • Foreign key - a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables



RELATIONAL DATABASE ADVANTAGES

~ Database advantages from a business perspective include
  • Increased flexibility
  • Increased scalability and performance
  • Reduced information redundancy
  • Increase information integrity (quality)
  • Increased information security
INCREASED FLEXIBILITY

~ A well-designed database should :
  • Handle changes quickly and easily
  • Provide users with different views
  • Have only one physical view - physical view (deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device)
  • Have multiple logical views - Logical view (focuses on how users logically access information)
 
INCREASED SCALABILITY AND PERFORMANCE

~ A database must scale to meet increased demand, while maintaining acceptable performance levels
  • Scalability - refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands
  • Performance - measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction

REDUCED INFORMATION REDUNDANCY

~ Databases reduce information redundancy 
  • Redundancy - the duplication of information or information or staring the same information in multiple places
~ Inconsistency is one of the primary problems with redundant information


INCREASE INFORMATION INTEGRITY (QUALITY)

~ Information integrity - measures the quality of information 
~ Integrity constraint - rules that help ensure the quality of information
  • Relational integrity constraint
  • Business-critical integrity constraint

INCREASED INFORMATION SECURITY

~ Information is an organizational asset and must be protected
~ Database offer several security features including :
  • Password - provide authentication of the user
  • Access level - determines who has access to the different types of information
  • Access control - determines types of user access, such as read-only access

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

~ Database management systems (DBMS) - software through which users and application programs interact with a database



DATA-DRIVEN WEB SITES

~ Data-driven web sites - an interactive web site kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of a database



DATA-DRIVEN WEB SITE BUSINESS ADVANTAGES
  • Development
  • Content Management
  • Future expandability
  • Minimizing Human Error
  • Cutting Production and Update Costs
  • More Efficient
  • Improved Stability

DATA-DRIVEN BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE

BI in a data-driven Web site




INTEGRATING INFORMATION AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES

~ Integration - allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other
  • Forward Integration - takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes
  • Backward Integration - takes information entered into a give system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes

Forward integration




Backward integration




Building a central repository specifically for integrated information



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